Sunday, December 29, 2019

Economic Questions Essay - 645 Words

Economic Questions â€Å"Why would a developing nation answer the three basic economic questions differently than a country like the United States?† There are three basic economic questions that each and every society must answer to. The way that the society answers to these questions shape and define their economic system. The first economic question that they must answer to is â€Å"What Goods and Services Should We Produce?† The second question is â€Å"How Should We Produce Goods and Services?† The final question that a society must answer to is â€Å"For Whom Should We Produce Goods and Services?† Every society will most likely answer differently to each of these questions. The question asked was â€Å"Why would a†¦show more content†¦They must also decide how many or how much of the goods and services they should produce. Before technology people planted their crops, but now nations may not be able to afford the advancements to produce the goods and services that they have decided upon. Now-a-days computers and technology have now again revolutionized manufacturing. Again if the products and services and require these types of manufacturing items it’ll be had since the have a poor economy. The third and final question asked was â€Å"For whom should we produce goods and services?† As you now we are all consumers in this world. Resources are limited, and so are goods and services. Depending upon a person’s wealth, affects the outcome of what type of goods and services they can receive. In a developing nation, just like economy, the people are also poor. If the goods produced are a necessity to the people, they won’t be able to afford them, and they will turn to their government. Depending on the amount of people who need these goods or services may leave a financial toll on the government. Since the U.S has many resources that are almost limitless they don’t have all of these things to worry about. Every day we produce lots of goods and products. There are poor families, but we still manage to get by. WeShow MoreRelate dEconomics Question Bank772 Words   |  4 PagesVelammal Institute of Technology Department of Computer Science and Engineering MG2452- Engineering Economics and Financial Accounting Question Bank Part A: 1. Define economics 2. Define managerial economics. 3. Define micro economics 4. Define macroeconomics 5. Differentiate micro and macroeconomics 6. Draw economic circle. 7. State the subject matter of economics. 8. What is scarcity? 9. What is firm? 10. What are the objectives of firm? 11. What areRead MoreQuestions And Answers On Economics And Economics : Questions On The Financial Market1030 Words   |  5 Pagesyear.† She also notes that 2.1 million is roughly twice as much as normal. Wages aren’t going up fast enough and this changes the work environment. Long quote’s Sharon Stark that wage growth is 2.5% per year where it should be 4% per year given the economic conditions. These three concerns are well founded as they should equalize before we deem the labor market restored. It’s not perfect, but it’s better than it was. d) How is it possible that challenges remain in the labor market despite a relativelyRead MoreBasic Economic Questions3060 Words   |  13 PagesEconomics questions Top of Form [pic][pic][pic] 1. Scarcity: [pic]A) exists because resources are unlimited while human wants are limited. [pic]B) means we are unable to have as much as we would like to have. [pic]C) will likely be eliminated as technology continues to expand. [pic]D) is not an issue addressed in economics. 2. Which of the following is true of resources? [pic]A) Resources are inputs used to produce goods and services. [pic]B) Labor is the mental and physical capacityRead MoreQuestions for Naked Economics669 Words   |  3 PagesREAD: Naked Economics: Undressing the Dismal Science, Charles Wheeland, W.W. Norton, 2003. Completely- cover to cover. Directions: Create a time management plan for your reading schedule to ensure you have ample time to read the book. Set due dates for each chapter and each part of the assignment. Review your schedule with a parent or guardian. Expectations: Work must be typed, 12 point font, double-spaced. Label each section appropriately with each number. Please check your work for completeRead MoreQuestions On The Economic Terms Essay1972 Words   |  8 Pages1.1 Explain key economic terms. Scarcity Is mainly making a choice. We would have to make a trade -off by giving up on one thing and getting another such as you choose to buy a new car over a new phone. Tanstaafl is the sum up word for both the definition of scarcity/opportunity cost. If the goods and resources are scares then there is nothing free simply requires us giving up on one thing to get our hands on the other. Micro economics is concerned with decision making on a small scale such asRead MoreManagerial Economics : Assignment Questions1409 Words   |  6 Pages Managerial Economics: Assignment 5 Andrew Amason BUS 640: Managerial Economics (NAI1629A) Dr. Neal Johnson August 15, 2016â€Æ' Problem 1: Jessica Alba, a famous actress, starts the baby and family products business, The Honest Company, with Christopher Gavigan. Alba and Gavigan set up their site so families can choose what kinds of non-toxic, all-natural products they d like to use and get them in a bundle. Families can choose all kinds of products from food to hygiene necessities and cleaningRead MoreHealth Economics And Policy Questions2412 Words   |  10 Pages Health Economics and Policy Coursework Question 2 SN: 13026885 a) w=  £62,500 U= √w 50% chance of medical problem Costs of  £4,900 We can derive this individual’s expected wealth if we multiply the probability of each outcome with the associated costs. E(w) = 0.5 *  £62,500 + 0.5 * ( £62,500 -  £4,900) E(w) = 0.5 *  £62,500 + 0.5 *  £57,600 E(w) =  £60,050 To find out what level of utility will this individual’s expected wealth yield, we simply have to put the value of the E(w) in the utilityRead MoreManagerial Questions On Managerial Economics1736 Words   |  7 Pages MANAGERIAL ECONOMICS MANDIP SINGH SETHI K1300050 TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..3 TYPES OF DISECONOMIES†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.5 DECENTRALIZATION†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦6 CONCLUSION†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..7 REFERENCE†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.8 What are managerial diseconomies of scale and what, if anything, can be done about this phenomenon? DecreasingRead MoreQuestions On Transaction Cost Economics1526 Words   |  7 Pages2.1. Transaction cost economics Unlike the production costs, which reflect the transformation of inputs into outputs, transaction costs refer to the costs of carrying out any exchange, whether between firms in a marketplace or a transfer of resources between stages in a vertically integrated firm (Basu, 2014; Hobbs, 1996). In terms of effect, transaction costs can be divided into three categories: information costs, negotiation costs, and monitoring (or enforcement) costs (Hobbs, 1996). SpecificallyRead MoreBusiness Economics: Questions and Answers968 Words   |  4 Pagesconsolidated financial statements is restricted to the amount by which the cost of the investment is more or less than the book value of the net assets acquired. Noncontrolling interest in net assets is unaffected by such writeups or writedowns. The economic unit concept supports the writeup or writedown of the net assets of the subsidiary by an amount equal to the entire difference between the fair value and the book value of the net assets on the date of acquisition. In this case, noncontrolling interest

Saturday, December 21, 2019

How Milk Is An Everyday Necessity For Children - 1795 Words

From Grass to Glass Milk is an everyday necessity for children as they begin to grown it offers valuable nutrients that help them to develop, but do you ever wonder where it comes from? Or what process it goes through before being poured into your glass. Throughout the years the way milk is extracted, refined, utilised and sustained has changed but is it a sustainable resource for our future? (http://www.theguardian.com/uk/2010/aug/10/tories-free-milk-children ) Author: Bree-Anna Clarke Teacher: Mrs Pines Class: Science in Practice Contents Contents From Grass to Glass 1 Contents 2 Contents 2 Introduction 3 Extraction 3 Refinement 5 Utilisation 7 Sustainability 9 Reference 10 Introduction In†¦show more content†¦Around the world many countries drink more than just cows milk in 2012 the largest producer of cows milk was The United States, Sheep milk was China, both goat and buffalo milk was India. All milk is extracted from the animals, then put through refinement so everyone is safe to drink it, it can be utilised in any different ways but has to be done correctly so it is sustainable for the future. (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Cookies_and_milk.jpg) Extraction Milk is found as a liquid in female animals; this white liquid is homogenised and put through pasteurisation then it is sold in store all over the world for families to drink. The pie chart below displays the top 10 cow’s milk from countries around the world that were the largest producers in 2013. The top three producers of cow’s milk is The United States, India and China however there are still many more countries that produce cow’s milk. Countries all over the world raise cows due to how useful they are to people as they provide natural resources like milk, meat and leather. Top Ten Producers of Cows Milk in 2013 There are many different way in which farms milk there cow, the following is the steps of how the cows produce the milk and how it is extracted take from a indoor feeding farm. 1. Grass is harvested for the cows and rolled in â€Å"Round Bales† for indoor feeding. 2. When the grass is ready to be used it is put with cow meat that helps them produced milk 3.

Thursday, December 12, 2019

Nutrition Assignment Essay Example For Students

Nutrition Assignment Essay Explain to the athlete the ingredient of their diet. Give details of macro and micro nutrients and supplementation. For an athlete a well balanced diet is essential, they need all types of macro and micro nutrients to help fuel exercise and help repair/restore the body back to pre-exercise state. Macro nutrients are needed in large quantities and come in the form of carbohydrates, fats and proteins. Micro nutrients are needed in much smaller quantities like vitamins and minerals. A well balanced diet will normally comprise of 60% carbohydrates, 25% fats and 15% proteins Ref (Physical Education and Sports Studies) but will vary for elite athletes. Carbohydrates are basically sugar and starch and are broken down into glucose molecules, when used as energy carbohydrates become fuel for exercise in the lactic acid and aerobic system when glycotic enzymes enable the breakdown of glucose to produce energy for the re-synthesis of ATP. If it is not used it is converted to glycogen through glycogenisis and stored in the liver and muscles. Carbohydrates come in two categories, simple and complex. Simple carbohydrates come in the form of monosaccharide i.e. glucose and fructose and disaccharides i.e. maltose and sucrose, these are easily digested and passed quickly into the bloodstream; examples of foods are fruit, sugar and sweets. Carbohydrates taken in the form of starch are more beneficial to us than the foods which contain large amounts of simple or refined sugar; this is because the starchy foods contain many more vitamins and minerals compared to sugary foods. Ref (Sport Examined) The other category is complex carbohydrates or polysaccharides found in grains and vegetables. Functions of carbohydrates include protein sparing, fuel for the central nervous system, energy and help to metabolise fat. Proteins are another macro-nutrient and are made up of amino acids and stored in the small intestine. There are essential and non essential amino acids, there are 20 essential amino acids which the body must get from the diet as the body cannot make them itself i.e. valine, leucine and isoleucine which the body can use as fuel if glycogen stores are low. There are 12 non essential amino acids which the body can make from other amino acids. Every function in the living cell depends on proteins; these include energy, actin and myosin for muscle contraction, cell structure, transport, and chemical regulation. Proteins are also receptors for hormones and are contained in enzymes which are the catalysts for all biochemical reactions. An elite athlete proteins requirements can be summarised as 1.2 1.6g of protein for every kg you weigh. Ref (The Complete Guide to Strength Training) Foods rich in protein include fish and red meats. Fats are the other macro nutrient, there are many different types of fats the main types are triglycerides-simple fats which is about 95% of fat found in the body. These include saturated, polyunsaturated and monounsaturated fats found in foods such as dairy, sunflower oils and vegetable oils. There are also phospholipids compound fats to do with carrying fats to the liver, derived fats which are mainly cholesterol e.g. egg yolks and good for synthesising vitamin D. All fats are broken down into essential fatty acids which must come from the diet as the body cannot produce them itself and glycerol, these then combine with other nutrients to help produce energy. Of all the nutrients water is the most important, it makes up more than 60% of your body weight and is vital to all cells. Ref (The Complete Guide to Strength Training) Conditioned athletes can store and burn energy in a shorter time; so the body releases more heat, requires cooling and so requires more water. As a guideline drink 500 ml of fluid 2 hours before you train, then another 125-250 ml immediately before. Ref- (The Complete Guide to Strength Training) Micro nutrients are vitamins and minerals. Vitamins are organic compounds which help to regulate the many chemical reactions that continuously take place in the body. Ref (Sport Examined) Minerals are the basic elements which are found in the soil and the air, they are essential for life. Ref (Sport Examined) Minute quantities of these are needed; they have to be obtained from the food we eat. .u130267b8ba77950b6d179fa4c02750aa , .u130267b8ba77950b6d179fa4c02750aa .postImageUrl , .u130267b8ba77950b6d179fa4c02750aa .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u130267b8ba77950b6d179fa4c02750aa , .u130267b8ba77950b6d179fa4c02750aa:hover , .u130267b8ba77950b6d179fa4c02750aa:visited , .u130267b8ba77950b6d179fa4c02750aa:active { border:0!important; } .u130267b8ba77950b6d179fa4c02750aa .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u130267b8ba77950b6d179fa4c02750aa { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u130267b8ba77950b6d179fa4c02750aa:active , .u130267b8ba77950b6d179fa4c02750aa:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u130267b8ba77950b6d179fa4c02750aa .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u130267b8ba77950b6d179fa4c02750aa .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u130267b8ba77950b6d179fa4c02750aa .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u130267b8ba77950b6d179fa4c02750aa .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u130267b8ba77950b6d179fa4c02750aa:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u130267b8ba77950b6d179fa4c02750aa .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u130267b8ba77950b6d179fa4c02750aa .u130267b8ba77950b6d179fa4c02750aa-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u130267b8ba77950b6d179fa4c02750aa:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: The Kung, Shoshone, and Mbuti Tribes: Hunting and Essay There are 12 key vitamins and minerals including vitamin A, B, C, D and E and minerals such as calcium, iron and zinc. Explain how you specifically came to choose the ingredients of their diet and the order they are put in, for example why intake more carbohydrate post exercise than immediately pre-exercise. The ingredients of the programme are .

Thursday, December 5, 2019

Primate Essay at the Zoo free essay sample

The separation of a common ancestor through continental drift caused the Wolf’s guenon to evolve in Africa, specifically throughout the Congo territories and Uganda (Wolf’s Monkey Website) (Figure 7). However, the black-handed spider monkey evolved independently throughout the tropical regions of Central and South America (Black-handed Spider Monkey Website) (Figure 3). Because of this separation in habitat, there are a range of differences between these monkeys; still, there is a degree of similarity on many aspects of these monkies. The Black-handed Spider monkeys are â€Å"fruigivorous, preferring a diet of 90% fruit and seeds†; however, they also eat some insects on occasion. They eat a great deal throughout the day, as well as eating while suspended in the air on a tree branch or manmade object. They do not, however, â€Å"pick fruit and carry it to another location to be eaten† later on. In zoos, they are fed from a mixture of vegetables, such as celery, and fruits, such as bananas (Spider Monkey Website). The Wolf’s guenon has a moderately similar diet which consists of â€Å"[f]ruit, leaves, flowers, nectar and insects†. In terms of reproduction, each Wolf’s guenon will have a gestation period of 160 to 170 days, give birth to generally one child, and each child will usually survive up to 26 years in all (Wolf’s Monkey Website). Slightly different, the black-handed spider monkey has a gestation period of 226 to 232 days. The female is sexually active at four to five years old, while the male is sexually mature at five years. Any baby that is produced will be solid black (Figure 1) and will be dependent on the mother’s milk for around two years. (Spider Monkey Website). Socially, little is â€Å"known of [the Wolf’s guenon]s social structure, however comparisons with other guenon species indicate that the Wolf’s guenon probably live in small family groups consisting of a parental pair and their offspring† (Wolf’s Monkey Website). Fortunately, more is known about the black-handed spider monkey; they travel in groups of four to thirty-five individuals, usually with twice as many males as females (Wildfacts Website). As well, the females have a more active role as a leader in the group as do the males. In terms of conservation, the black-handed spider monkey is not endangered and is listed as â€Å"low risk† by the IUCN (Spider Monkey Website). Similarly, the Wolf’s guenon is also not incredibly endangered. Despite this, due to habitat loss, their numbers have suffered a â€Å"considerable reduction† (Wolf’s Monkey Website). Zoo Setting The setting that this research took place was at the San Antonio Zoo on Saturday, October 21, 2006. The temperature was a temperate 76 F with a generally clear sky and bright sun at the start of the research at 12:40 PM. Both of the primate species are located in relatively small enclosures designed to maximize space; they seem to be focused on the vertical aspect instead of the horizontal. As such, they are both taller than wider, which is most likely a simulation of arboreal life to some extent. While a portion of the habitats are constructed of wooden branches, much of the objects placed inside the enclosures were manmade objects (such as a hanging plastic bucket placed in the Wolf’s guenons’ cage). The habitats are, of course, a very sparse simulation of their real life counterparts. There are no dense areas of foliage and the enclosures did not have natural surfaces on any side. As well, they are very small for the amount of animals contained within each. Overall, the habitats are an incredibly restricted and limited version of a tropical forest. The wolf’s guenon group consisted of three individuals, all of which appeared to be adult females. The black-handed spider monkey had an indeterminable amount of individuals; however, three monkeys were clearly visible during the observation period. All of these monkeys appeared to be adults and only one was a male. One of the females was slightly smaller, which could indicate that she is younger than the others. Comparatively, the group of Wolf’s guenons did not reflect a family structure (however, it is still possible for the group to have been a family). As well, the group of black-handed spider monkeys could have been a small family or troop, but because of their lack of activity, it was not easily distinguishable. In the wild, the monkeys would probably be a much closer family unit, or in the case of the black-handed spider monkey, a larger, structured troop of monkeys led by a female. Physical Characteristics Both primate species have a tail. Despite this similarity, both use them differently. The black-handed spider monkey relies on its tail much more as it is clearly prehensile. Its tail is used to hang from branches and other objects, to grab food and other monkeys, and to balance the when needed (such as when walking on a rope). The Wolf’s guenon uses its tail in a more basic way. Because its tail is not prehensile, it is used almost exclusively for balance. Yet, in some situations when the monkeys became angered at each other and started to fight, it was stuck up in the air as a way of intimidating the other party. Telling sexes apart proved very difficult, especially on the Wolf’s Guenons. There is very little dimorphism that can be seen from afar in either of these species. Fortunately, a black-handed spider monkey was lying at an angle in which its underside was slightly visible, leading me to assume that one is indeed a male. Coloration wise, there were no young individuals present to make a clear observation of the differences between the age groups, however, my research shows that younger black-handed spider monkeys are black-bodied as well (Figure 1). Unfortunately, seeing the teeth of these animals is incredibly difficult; the case of the Wolf’s Guenon which was always eating, it covered its face with its hand while it broke open peanuts and stuffed newspaper in its mouth. Similarly, the black-handed spider monkey never was positioned close enough or at the right angle to see its canines. However, each species was definitely unique in its physical appearance. The Wolf’s guenons have a large white underside while having a pointed white facial ridge; much of their coat is a brownish orange (Figure 5, 6). The black-handed spider monkey has a more typical brownish monkey color (Figure 2), but the main point of interest is its black hands (Figure 3). Locomotor Behavior Overall, the Wolf’s guenons and the black-handed spider monkey enjoyed staying in an arboreal location. However, many differences persist between the species. The Wolf’s guenon’s, for example, seem to be mixed between sitting in trees and climbing to higher branches while also exhibiting strong patterns of playing and walking on the ground. This monkey species seems to be well suited to both hopping around on the ground using its hind legs or leaping (also with its hind legs) in the branch areas of the enclosure. The Wolf’s guenons often sat upright in a bipedal position while resting on a branch similar to that of a possible pose of a human (sitting upright with its knees close to its head), but they only appeared to move in a quadrupedal motion. They also tended to lay down on a branch just as much as they sat up on them; especially when they are resting, lying down is the major position a monkey will be in. When moving from branch to branch, there did not appear to be any swinging of the arms to indicate brachiation. Also of note, the Wolf’s guenons seemed to walk on their palms with a mild curve in their hands, but after starting to run across branches, they express a more cupped hand approach to hanging on. These monkeys also handle objects in an interesting way: they grab an object with their fingers by using their thumb extensively and then break it apart with either their mouth or their other hand. It will then use its teeth to break open an object by rotating it in its mouth. They generally tended to use their hands instead of their legs, although their feet often were used to pass goods to their hands, however, the handedness was indeterminate. On the other hand, the black-handed spider monkey is a different story. Largely due to their prehensile tail, these monkeys have a distinct pattern of locomotion. The monkeys tended to be almost exclusively arboreal, hardly finding a reason to explore the ground. Because of their tree-fairing nature, they were able to jump in large leaps from branch to branch. Like the Wolf’s guenon, though, the black-handed spider monkey was a quadrupedal creature, using its back legs for the majority of its power. Unlike them, the black-handed spider monkey uses its prehensile tail (and lack of thumb) to move in a different manner. The monkeys were not observed walking in a bipedal position, but like the Wolf’s guenon, it occasionally sat in a more upright position, similar to humans which bend their knees close to their face. The monkey did seem to use both its front and hind legs almost equally, except when eating food, which it did through its front legs a majority of the time. Despite the fact that these monkeys do not have prehensile hands due to the lack of a thumb, they still seem very capable of grabbing and holding objects. Unfortunately, the angle was too obscure to properly see the way the monkeys ate with their hands. Because the black-handed spider monkeys were almost always in the branches, they used a strong grasping hand form, much like a cup; again, there was no obvious preference in left and right hands, but these monkeys did use their hind legs considerably more than the Wolf’s guenons. Although these monkeys rested quite a bit during the day, they always seemed ready to jump, never relaxing their grip on the tree area. Social Behavior Both of the monkey species had a very complex social system. Even though the black-handed spider monkeys were not incredibly active during the research period, their basic community was well expressed except for sexes which were partly speculation based on behavior and partial visible evidence. They showed a definite interest in each other’s food collection and eating, but often did not engage another member of the community unless they had already been playing prior to whereas the Wolf’s guenon strongly interacted with each and every object to the extent of causing fights between the monkeys. After a man threw a cigarette butt into the general area of the enclosure, the Wolf’s guenons both tried to reach it with an intense interest, making loud noises while failing. When one finally did get it, this inspired a chasing game of sorts. The winner monkey started to make loud noises at the loser, and the loser responded by chasing the winner up to the top of the cage. Yet, this situation escalated from a simple play tactic to full-on fight between the monkeys when one tackled another onto the ground. However, the monkeys later forgave each other through what appears to be a hug. They then collectively ripped the cigarette to pieces later without any agitation from either party. The Wolf’s guenons exhibited a somewhat strong sense of companionship to the other individuals in the enclosure despite previous negative encounters. The black-handed spider monkeys were generally less active than the Wolf’s guenons. While they did both chase and play at some points, they were very limited and ended with one either eating food or going to sleep on a branch for several minutes. These monkeys made more noise overall than the Wolf’s guenons, but they did not always seem too attentive to the situation and generally ignored the other. Because the black-handed spider monkeys were so inactive, it is difficult to say much about the dominance or other aspects of their social structure. Comparisons and Evolutionary Interpretations Overall, the two species of monkeys are very similar in terms of physical structure and many behavioral traits. However, these monkey species are separated by their taxonomic families, instead on relating on the level of the primate order. References Cited Malloy, Betsy. Online image. 2006. Wolf’s Guenon. About. com. 28 Oct. 2006. . Online image. Black Handed Spider Monkey. Central Florida Zoological Park. 28 Oct. 2006. . Online image. Central South American Lodgings. Bestlodging. com. 28 Oct. 2006. . Online image. Facts About The Continent Africa. Abbott-Infotech. 28 Oct. 2006. . Online image. Spider Monkey. Honolulu Zoo. 28 Oct. 2006. . Online image. Wildfacts – Black-handed Spider Monkey. BBC – Science Nature. 28 Oct. 2006. lt; http://www. bbc. co. uk/nature/wildfacts/factfiles/310. shtmlgt;. Online image. Wolf’s Monkey. Congo Gorilla Forest – Bronx Zoo. 28 Oct. 2006. . â€Å"Wolf’s Monkey. † Congo Gorilla Forest – Bronx Zoo. 28 Oct. 2006. . â€Å"Black-handed Spider Monkey. † Central Florida Zoological Park. 28 Oct. 2006. . â€Å"Spider Monkey. † Honolulu Zoo. 28 Oct. 2006. . â€Å"Wildfacts – Black-handed Spider Monkey†. BBC – Science Nature. 28 Oct. 2006. . Author. Title of Web Page. Title of the Site. Editor. Date and/or Version Number. Name of Sponsoring Institution. Date of Access . Appendix [pic] [pic] FIGURE 1 FIGURE 2 [pic] FIGURE 3 Appendix (cont. ) [pic] [pic] FIGURE 5 FIGURE 6 [pic] FIGURE 7 Journal Wolf’s Guenon They perform an array of acrobatics in the trees. They chase the other monkeys back and forth. It appears to be only social playing with each other. One continues to chase another through the cage. They swing by grabbing with front feet. They have an extremely long tail (relative to their body size). It appears to be used for balance (not prehensile). Able to grasp with feet instead of tail to hang upside down with. One cracks up a nut in its teeth, but has trouble, so it slams the nut down while making a screaming noise, breaks the shell, and then eats it, by rotating it in its mouth. It now appears to be licking its hands, although it can’t be confirmed from this angle. The monkey now fought with another monkey and they engage in a 50 second chase, but then quickly make up. They are very focal monkeys, always â€Å"talking† with each other. One rubs its body against the ground in a playful way beside another. This does not appear to be scratching, but rather just playing. Able to scale the cage wall and then jump to a rope very quickly. They are sitting on the rope and swinging it back and forth, playing with one another. The left most monkey is obviously pissed off at the swinging and tackles the right most monkey, they engage in a strong fight and scream at each other, then go to another side of the cage. One jumps into a hanging bucket, but falls out, then picks up a newspaper and â€Å"reads† it. It is able to hold on to objects with still moving very easily. They eat constantly, often playing with their food. They seem to enjoy being on the ground as much as being in the trees, but often relax only in the trees and do not lay on the ground for rest. Walks on all fours and does not sit up very much. Another monkey comes down and begins to shred the newspaper into thing rectangular strips. Moves in a slinking manner often, especially when going slow. When fast, the same but harder to see because of the motion. Cracks nuts in teeth by moving them in a semicircular fashion. Scratches and cleans itself every few minutes without fail. Fascinated with hanging upside and trying to jump into the hanging bucket (which it fails at). Capable of moving on the underside of a branch, although this is rare, usually done to avoid cross traffic. Stands on the highest structures to survey the lands (albeit small lands). Arguments over food creates another dispute, this time more serious with much more focalization. A small child screams at the monkey and the monkey flees to the top of the cage. They often drop food only to recover it later for both play and consumption. Notices my presence and stares at me for around 10 minutes and does not much else. It goes to chew on the ropes and then decides to swing on them. Shakes back and forth on ropes for their amusement. Seems to use tails for balance overall. Scratching of the body by using both back and front feet; appears to be able equal. Balancing upside down on the fountain area to get water (fails first time). A monkey was able to grab a peanut from the underside of the cage by stretching. Makes a very high pitched sound when interacting with others. They seem to enjoy playing with each other’s tails but often playing turns into heated fights. Sharing food by swapping it between members in the cage. Generally, after eating, they will go to get more water. They often flip upside down first to reach the ground. They sit with their legs straight out, resting on the log. They finally get into the bucket without failing as they have for the past hour. Monkeys started hugging but then ended up chasing each other. They are interested in humans and routinely stare. They can either break the peanut open in their mouth or often slam it on the ground to get inside. They mix eating with their hands and feet. Both monkeys appear to be female There does not appear to be a dominant or submissive in the relationship. A child throws a peanut into the cage and the monkeys briefly fight over it. A man sees this, and throws a cigarette butt (can you smoke in the park?! ) in the cage, laughs at the monkeys fighting over this. They play with the cigarette butt (put it in their mouth) and then rip it apart. They seem to cooperate when trying to reach objects outside of the cage, then fight over whoever get its. They don’t seem to be completely arboreal. They generally vocalize when playing or when angry. (Or just when interested in things. ) One monkey will sometimes tackle another, causing a large fight. One stretches out on a rope and manages to keep a balance, then rests. They don’t appear to groom each other but they do like to hug / choke another. They engage in fighting by grabbing each others hands. They become interested in a caterpillar walking by on the outside of the cage. One is able to grab it, and then plays with it, then kills it by slamming it on the ground until it does not move. It is then ripped apart and eaten. They slide around the cage when not walking to get places. When intimidated with another, they put their tails in the air. They lie together and do not move for a long time. There is a wasp and they follow it around the cage, but do not grab it. They pick up the cigarette but and rip it apart some more, pulling the leftover tobacco out and split it up on the ground. They tire from playing and lay on the ground (branch). Black-handed Spider Monkey 2 monkeys are visible in the enclosure (possibly more though). Both are currently sleeping (1:10P) Birds near enclosure making loud noises do not interrupt the monkeys. One appears to be male. They continue to sleep, resting on a long â€Å"branch†, occasionally shifting positions. One makes a small whimper-esque sound. The male stands up and looks around, then rests again. Extending from both sides of body, potentially about two feet long, possibility 2. 5. A very long tail, definitely appears to be prehensile. Maybe ? body size? The tail extends from the end, as if rippling to the body. One continues to sleep, while the other moves around subtly. The male moves to a different area, around a branch, away from another monkey. The male continues to move, now observing the people and looking on for several minutes intently. Now it observes a nearby monkey in much the same still fashion 4 Minutes – Observes a small bird around enclosure area. The male goes back to the original monkey and lies down in the same place as 1:10P. Has a very sleepy look and then looks again at people, then stares at the ground. Another awakes and moves to the right of the enclosure. Now, it hunches over and sleeps some more, not moving much. Hair is very strong in color (especially on hands, bands on face), possibility to blend in with matching environments? Marked into â€Å"troops† (says a passing by class) Monkey makes a small jump to another branch and then touches the male, then sits. Again, very passive observation of people in the vicinity. The other is still sleeping. Lays down on ground, then jumps to branch, then lays down, letting arms rest over the side of the branch. Quickly stands up, goes to the other monkey. They make a small, almost inaudible noise at each other, then settle down. Seem to be very natural climbers, but have not shown much activity. There is still no movement (10 minutes) One gets into a crouching position but does not do anything, possibility sleeping or relaxing. There is a noise behind the enclosure, all of the monkeys look at it, but nothing happens. One is interested, goes to investigate, but then returns to the original sitting area and relaxes. The other monkey appears to use its left arm as a pillow. The male monkey sits down and makes a small noise – the others do not look. One decides to climb upwards and lay down on a branch. Again, little movement but what is seen is brachiation. Is this after feeding time? Nap time in the middle of the day? Does not appear to have a thumb, or it is just very small, but probably the latter. They make sharp noises this time, when one runs around and jumps on another, but then they go back to resting. They again focus on the viewers, but then tired and looked to the back of the cage. One became excited again and another jumped around as well, but they did not engage each other. Monkey seemed to enjoy a ball like, fetal position for sleeping and resting, though others seemed to like stretching out more. Maybe a personal preference? Monkey is still not doing anything. Passing by employee says they usually are more active but are not today. When asked why, said they did not know (weather was fine). One picks up some unrecognizable object and begins to either eat or play with it. The other comes down to investigate and then rips apart a small stick. The male rubs his leg up and down. They continue to lounge with random intervals of play.